Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency alleles are associated with joint dislocation and scoliosis in Williams syndrome

Colleen A. Morris, Ariel M. Pani, Carolyn B. Mervis, Cecilia M. Rios, Doris J. Kistler, and Ronald G. Gregg. 2011.

Abstract Elastin haploinsufficiency is responsible for a significant portion of the Williams syndrome (WS) phenotype including hoarse voice, supravalvar aortic stenosis (SVAS), hernias, diverticuli of bowel and bladder, soft skin, and joint abnormalities. All of the connective tissue signs and symptoms are variable in the WS population, but few factors other than age and gender are known to influence the phenotype.